Coins of 
Russia

Soviet Union ← 

Russian: Россійская Имперія / Российская Империя (Rossiyskaya Imperiya) (Russian Empire)
Russian: Российская Федерация (Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) (Russian Federation)

100 kopeks (single: kopek) = 1 Russian ruble (plural: rubles) [RUB]

​Languages on coins: Russian
Alphabets on coins: Cyrillic
Numerals on coins: Roman, Western Arabic
Calendars on coins: Gregorian

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Mint Marks

Annensk Mint (Аннинский 
монетный двор), Anninsky (RUS): "A M"

(Y)Ekaterinburg Mint (Екатеринбургский монетный двор), Ekaterinburg (RUS): "E.M."

Izhora Mint, Kolpino (RUS): "И.М."

Moskovskiy monetnyy dvor Goznaka (Московский монетный двор Гознака), Moscow (RUS): "ММД" or "M"

Leningradskiy monetnyy dvor (Ленинградский монетный двор), Leningrad (RUS): "Л" or "ЛМД"

Note: In 1991 Leningrad was, by referendum, renamed to Saint Petersburg. Nonetheless a mark referring to Leningrad was used longer. 

Sankt-Peterburgskiy monetnyy dvor Goznaka (Санкт-Петербу́ргский моне́тный двор Гозна́ка), St. Petersburg (RUS): "СП МД" or "С-П" or "С.П.Б."

Note: from 1924-1995 (Soviet Union) the mint was renamed as Leningrad Mint and therefor used a different mint mark (until 1997)

Eventhough several types of coins bear the mint mark of Saint Petersburg (С.П.Б.), they were actually minted at Heaton's Mint of Rosenkranz Mint (also Saint Petersburg).

Kolyvan copper (Колыванская медь), Suzun (RUS): "К.М."

Varshavskiy monetnyy dvor  (Варшавский монетный двор), Warsaw (RUS, nowadays POL): "B.M."

Mint official Marks

Izhora (Kolpino)

Mikhail Kleiner (?), 1810-1811, "М К"

Pavel Stupitsyn (?), 1811-1814, "П С"

Ekaterinburg

Nikolay Mundt (?), 1810-1821, "H M"

Franz German (?), 1811-1823, "Ф Г"

St. Petersburg

Paul Stupitzyn (?), 1811-1825, "П С"

Mikhail Fedorov (?), 1812-1822, "М Ф"

Nikolai Grachev (?), 1825-1842, "Н Г"

Nicholai Iossa (?), 1848-1877, "H I"

Appolon Grasgov (?), 1883-1899, "A Г"

Elikum Babayantz (?), 1906-1913, "Э Б"

Suzun Mint / Kolyvan copper

Peter Berezowski (?), 1810-1811, "П Б"

Alexey Maleev (?), 1812-1817, "A M"

Dmitry Bichtov (?), 1817-1818, "Д Б"

Alexander Deichman/Deichmann (?), 1818-1821, "А Д"

Designer Marks

National identification and other marks

Legend

Russia in Cyrillic: "РОССИИ"

Coats of arms

The coat of arms of Russia used from 1729-1853 consists of an escutcheon decorated with Saint George slaying a dragon, a classic Russian scene. On the coin the decoration is replaced with the year of emission. The escutcheon appears in front of a two-headed eagle, each head with a crown and holding a scepter in its right talon and a globus cruciger in its left talon. The whole is crowned as well.

Drawing of the national coat of arms of Russia used from 1729-1853 as it appears on coins

Photograph of the national coat of arms of Russia used from 1729-1853 as it appears on coins

The lesser coat of arms of the Russian Empire, used from 1883-1917, consists of a double-headed eagle with two crowns overheaded by a third crown. The crowns are connected by the ribbon of the Order of Saint Andrew. The eagle holds a golden scepter and a golden globus cruciger (orb with cross). On the chest an escutcheon shows St. George on his horse slaying a dragon. Around the escutcheon hangs the collar of the Order of Saint Andrew. On the wings of the eagle are the coats of arms of Astrakhan, Siberia, Georgia, Finland, Kiev-Vladimir-Novgorod, Taurica, Poland and Kazan.

Drawing of the lesser coat of arms of the Russian Empire, used from 1883-1917, as it appears on coins

Photograph of the lesser coat of arms of the Russian Empire, used from 1883-1917, as it appears on coins

Monograms

The monogram of Emperor Paul I (1796-1801) consists of the capital letter "П", which is cyrillic for the letter "P", the first letter of the first name of the Emperor. Underneath the letter there is the Roman numeral "I" (1), symbolizing him to be the first Russian Emperor bearing this first name. On top, the Great Imperial Crown of Russia.

Photograph of the monogram of Emperor Paul I of Russia as it appears on coins

Drawing of the monogram of Emperor Paul I of Russia as it appears on coins

The monogram of Emperor Nicholas II (1894-1917) consists of a stylized letter 'Н', which is cyrillic for the letter 'N', the first letter of the first name of the Emperor. Underneath the letter there is the Roman numeral 'II' (2), symbolizing him to be the second Russian Czar bearing this first name. On top, the great Imperial crown.

Currencies

Kopek and kopecks in Russian Cyrillic: "КОПЕЙКА", "КОПѢЙКИ", "КОПѢЕКЪ", "КОПЕЙКИ", "КОПЕЕК" and "КОП"

Kopeck (plural: kopecks) is sometimes written as kopek, kopeck, copeck, or kopeyka. It equals a hundredth (1/100) of a ruble. 
"КОПЕЙКА" is used as singular. 
When the number is 2, 3 or 4, then "КОПѢЙКИ" or "КОПЕЙКИ" were used. 
Before 1924 "КОПѢЕКЪ" is used for amounts of 5 or more. 
Since 1924, for amounts of 5 or more "КОПЕЕК" is used. 
"КОП" is an abbreviation of the word "КОПЕЕК". .
The word kopek is derived from the diminutive of the Russian word for spear (kop'yo or копьё), named after the appearance of the horseman with spear on one side of the earliest coins.

Courtesy of Michiel

Ruble and rubles in Russian Cyrillic: "РУБЛЬ" and "РУБЛЕЙ"

The ruble or rouble is national currency of the Russian Federation. The singular form is written in Cyrillic as 'рубль' or as 'РУБЛЬ', while the plural rubles or roubles is written as 'рубли' or 'РУБЛЕЙ'. In western scrypt the names are written as rubl and rubli, respectively. 
The word ruble is derived from the verb 'to cut' in Russian (рубить, rubit), as it was a part of a silver ingrot (silver rod) and cut off.

Written numbers

One (1) in Russian Cyrillic: "ОДИН"

Two (2) in Russian Cyrillic: "ДВА" or "ДВѢ"

Three (3) in Russian Cyrillic: "ТРИ"

Five (5) in Russian Cyrillic: "ПЯТЬ"

Fifty (50) in Russian Cyrillic: "ПЯТЬДЕСЯТ"

Other marks

Bank of Russia in Russian Cyrillic: "БАНК РОССИИ"

Logo of the bank of Russia: double headed eagle